Molecular basis of glaucoma and its therapeutical analysis in Pakistan: an overview
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i03.158Keywords:
Eye, glaucoma, diagnosis, treatment, Pakistan, BiologyAbstract
The human eye is an organ of vision. It plays a prime role in life, gives us the sense of sight, and enables to understand about the world around us. Visualization and interpretation of colors, shapes and dimensions of numerous objects is made possible by eye. Inherited eye diseases comprise 1/3 of all reported human genetic disorders. This review will focus on Glaucoma which comprises a predictable visual illnesses concerning optic nerve deterioration and if remains without any cure can result in failure in eyesight. The optical nerve injure comprises deterioration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Glaucoma represents a heterogeneous group of optic neuropathies with a complex genetic basis. These neuropathies gradually reduce vision without warning and often without symptoms. Different forms of glaucoma share some common clinical manifestations that usually include specific abnormal appearance of the optic nerve head, characteristic loss of visual field and chronic painless progression. Glaucoma is a progressive optical neuropathy considered by optical disc changes, nerve fiber film break, and visual field defects. Present-day treatment preferences predominantly targeting at reducing IOP by making use of pharmaceutical means, laser treatment and surgical procedure. Developed conducts target neuroprotection with vaccines, the hang-up of NO synthesis and apoptosis. Attaining a better appreciative of the pathogenesis can support in the improvement of novel handling options and, perhaps, even a remedy for glaucoma. There are more than 1.8million glaucoma patients in Pakistan and almost half of them have already lost their eyesight, permanently, due to delay in diagnosis and treatment. About 90% population in the country has no awareness about this disease, resultantly; more and more people are becoming permanently blind in Pakistan due to untreated glaucoma.
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Gemenetzi, M., Yang, Y., and Lotery, A. (2012). Current concepts on primary open-angle glaucoma genetics: a contribution to disease pathophysiology and future treatment. Eye 26, 355-369.
Ghate, D., and Wang, X. (2015). Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma. The Cochrane Library.
Gupta, R., Gupta, B., Kshitij, A., and Bala, A. (2014). Glaucoma Research: A Scientometric Study of Indian Publications Output, 2002-11. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 34.
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Helmy, H. (2016). Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy versus Ahmed valve implantation for refractory primary congenital glaucoma in Egyptian patients: a long-term follow-up. Electronic Physician 8, 1884.
Hirooka, K., Tokuda, M., Miyamoto, O., Itano, T., Baba, T., and Shiraga, F. (2004). The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Current eye research 28, 153-157.
Huang, E.C., and Barocas, V.H. (2004). Active iris mechanics and pupillary block: steady-state analysis and comparison with anatomical risk factors. Annals of biomedical engineering 32, 1276-1285.
Janssen, S.F., Gorgels, T.G., Ramdas, W.D., Klaver, C.C., van Duijn, C.M., Jansonius, N.M., and Bergen, A.A. (2013). The vast complexity of primary open angle glaucoma: disease genes, risks, molecular mechanisms and pathobiology. Progress in retinal and eye research 37, 31-67.
Kelliher, C., Kenny, D., and O’Brien, C. (2006). Trends in blind registration in the adult population of the Republic of Ireland 1996–2003. British journal of ophthalmology 90, 367-371.
Khan, A.O. (2011). Genetics of primary glaucoma. Current opinion in ophthalmology 22, 347-355.
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Lawrence, J.M. (2014). Pattern of ocular findings among patients aged 40 years and above attending eye clinic at Juba teaching hospital in Southern Sudan (University of Nairobi).
Lemij, H.G., Hoevenaars, J.G., van der Windt, C., and Baudouin, C. (2015). Patient satisfaction with glaucoma therapy: reality or myth? Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ) 9, 785.
Lin, Y., Wang, T., and Hung, P. (1997). Biometric study of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association= Taiwan yi zhi 96, 908-912.
Lipton, S.A. (2003). Possible role for memantine in protecting retinal ganglion cells from glaucomatous damage. Survey of ophthalmology 48, S38-S46.
Maul, E., Strozzi, L., Muñoz, C., and Reyes, C. (1980). The outflow pathway in congenital glaucoma. American journal of ophthalmology 89, 667-675.
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2017-03-23
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Copyright The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access by BioMedPress. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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Molecular basis of glaucoma and its therapeutical analysis in Pakistan: an overview. (2017). Biomedical Research and Therapy, 4(03), 1210-1227. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i03.158
