Hearing impairments, presbycusis and the possible therapeutic interventions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i4.159Keywords:
Hearing Loss, Prevalence, Factors, Presbycusis Genetics, Models, TreatmentsAbstract
The hearing is an important sensation of all living organism to maintain his or her life mainly in human. Any distortion to it leads to hearing impairment. Hearing loss (HL) can be congenital or acquired. It can be syndromic; HL associated with other abnormalities or non-syndromic, HL is not associated with any other anomalies. Hearing impairment have mostly autosomal recessive loci, but can be autosomal dominant, X-linked, and mitochondrial. Acquired HL can be genetic or environmental factors based. Age-related HL is acquired hearing loss occur in aged population. Its prevalence rate increases with age. Genetic of presbycusis is not well-known, but NAT2*6A polymorphism, SNPs in KCNQ4, grainy head-like 2 gene, Glutamate receptor-7 gene, 4977-bp mt-DNA deletion in human and 4834-bp mtDNA deletion in rodents were identified. Different strains of mice are developed like C57BL/6J, CBA/CaJ, DBA/2J, BALB/cJ and Fisher 344 albino rats mainly used as models to study HL and presbycusis. Like other disorders have complete treatment, but HL cannot be completely treated. However some attempts can be made for its betterment by using hearing aid devices, surgical and pharmaceutical treatments. In future stem cells and gene therapy will be the affective methods to treat congenital hearing impairment and presbycusis.
References
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Boboshko, M., Efimova, M., and Savenko, I. (2010). [Modern aspects of diagnosis of presbycusis and its treatment in elderly patients]. Vestnik otorinolaringologii, 23-25.
Bogardus Jr, S.T., Yueh, B., and Shekelle, P.G. (2003). Screening and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: clinical applications. Jama 289, 1986-1990.
Brencla, G. (1997). Resident and staff education within an ecological audiologic rehabilitation program in a home for the aged. Journal of speech - language pathology and audiology 21, 167-173.
Carson, A.J., and Pichora-Fuller, M.K. (1997). Health promotion and audiology: The community-clinic link. Journal - Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology 30, 29-52.
Caspary, D.M., Ling, L., Turner, J.G., and Hughes, L.F. (2008). Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the mammalian central auditory system. Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1781-1791.
Chen, P., Zindy, F., Abdala, C., Liu, F., Li, X., Roussel, M.F., and Segil, N. (2003a). Progressive hearing loss in mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Ink4d. Nature cell biology 5, 422-426.
Chen, X., Li, H., Cao, K., Wei, C., and Jin, X. (2003b). [The transduction of neurotrophin-3/GDNF attenuates the SGNC damage in deaf mice]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 83, 1517-1520.
Corna, L.M., Wade, T.J., Streiner, D.L., and Cairney, J. (2009). Corrected and uncorrected hearing impairment in older Canadians. Gerontology 55, 468-476.
Desai, M., Pratt, L.A., Lentzner, H., and Robinson, K.N. (2001). Trends in vision and hearing among older Americans. Aging trends (Hyattsville, Md), 1.
Dror, A.A., and Avraham, K.B. (2009). Hearing loss: mechanisms revealed by genetics and cell biology. Annual review of genetics 43, 411-437.
Dudbridge, F. (2008). Likelihood-based association analysis for nuclear families and unrelated subjects with missing genotype data. Human heredity 66, 87-98.
Elahi, M.M., Elahi, F., Elahi, A., and Elahi, S.B. (1998). Paediatric hearing loss in rural Pakistan. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery 27, 348.
Fetoni, A.R., Picciotti, P.M., Paludetti, G., and Troiani, D. (2011). Pathogenesis of presbycusis in animal models: a review. Experimental gerontology 46, 413-425.
Frisina, R.D., and Walton, J.P. (2006). Age-related structural and functional changes in the cochlear nucleus. Hearing research 216, 216-223.
Gates, G.A., and Mills, J.H. (2005). Presbycusis. The Lancet 366, 1111-1120.
Ge, S.-l., Xie, D.-h., Chen, Z.-c., Xiao, Z.-q., and Yang, X.-m. (2005). Feasibility study of marrow stromal cells transplantation into guinea pig cochlea. Journal of Central South University of Technology 12, 313-316.
Gratton, M., Smyth, B., Lam, C., Boettcher, F., and Schmiedt, R. (1997). Decline in the endocochlear potential corresponds to decreased Na, K-ATPase activity in the lateral wall of quiet-aged gerbils. Hearing research 108, 9-16.
Hilgert, N., Smith, R.J., and Van Camp, G. (2009). Forty-six genes causing nonsyndromic hearing impairment: which ones should be analyzed in DNA diagnostics? Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 681, 189-196.
Huang, Q., and Tang, J. (2010). Age-related hearing loss or presbycusis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 267, 1179-1191.
Hudspeth, A.J. (1989). How the ear's works work. Nature 341, 397-404.
Idrizbegovic, E., Viberg, A., Bogdanovic, N., and Canlon, B. (2001). Peripheral cell loss related to calcium binding protein immunocytochemistry in the dorsal cochlear nucleus in CBA/CaJ mice during aging. Audiology and Neurotology 6, 132-139.
Ito, J., Kojima, K., and Kawaguchi, S. (2001). Survival of neural stem cells in the cochlea. Acta oto-laryngologica 121, 140-142.
Izumikawa, M., Minoda, R., Kawamoto, K., Abrashkin, K.A., Swiderski, D.L., Dolan, D.F., Brough, D.E., and Raphael, Y. (2005). Auditory hair cell replacement and hearing improvement by Atoh1 gene therapy in deaf mammals. Nature medicine 11, 271-276.
Johnson, K.R., Gagnon, L.H., Webb, L.S., Peters, L.L., Hawes, N.L., Chang, B., and Zheng, Q.Y. (2003). Mouse models of USH1C and DFNB18: phenotypic and molecular analyses of two new spontaneous mutations of the Ush1c gene. Human molecular genetics 12, 3075-3086.
Johnson, K.R., Longo-Guess, C., Gagnon, L.H., Yu, H., and Zheng, Q.Y. (2008). A locus on distal chromosome 11 (ahl8) and its interaction with Cdh23 ahl underlie the early onset, age-related hearing loss of DBA/2J mice. Genomics 92, 219-225.
Johnson, K.R., Zheng, Q.Y., and Erway, L.C. (2000). A major gene affecting age-related hearing loss is common to at least ten inbred strains of mice. Genomics 70, 171-180.
Johnson, K.R., Zheng, Q.Y., and Noben-Trauth, K. (2006). Strain background effects and genetic modifiers of hearing in mice. Brain research 1091, 79-88.
Kelley, M.W. (2006). Regulation of cell fate in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, 837-849.
Kil, J., Pierce, C., Tran, H., Gu, R., and Lynch, E.D. (2007). Ebselen treatment reduces noise induced hearing loss via the mimicry and induction of glutathione peroxidase. Hearing research 226, 44-51.
Kojima, K., Tamura, S., Nishida, A.T., and Ito, J. (2004). Generation of inner ear hair cell immunophenotypes from neurospheres obtained from fetal rat central nervous system in vitro. Acta oto-laryngologica Supplementum, 26-30.
Lee, K.-Y. (2013). Pathophysiology of age-related hearing loss (peripheral and central). Korean journal of audiology 17, 45-49.
Li, H., Liu, H., and Heller, S. (2003a). Pluripotent stem cells from the adult mouse inner ear. Nature medicine 9, 1293-1299.
Li, H., Roblin, G., Liu, H., and Heller, S. (2003b). Generation of hair cells by stepwise differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, 13495-13500.
Löwenheim, H., Furness, D.N., Kil, J., Zinn, C., Gültig, K., Fero, M.L., Frost, D., Gummer, A.W., Roberts, J.M., and Rubel, E.W. (1999). Gene disruption of p27Kip1 allows cell proliferation in the postnatal and adult organ of Corti. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, 4084-4088.
Mantela, J., Jiang, Z., Ylikoski, J., Fritzsch, B., Zacksenhaus, E., and Pirvola, U. (2005). The retinoblastoma gene pathway regulates the postmitotic state of hair cells of the mouse inner ear. Development 132, 2377-2388.
Martin, H. (2003). The auditory system. Neuroanatomy, 191-206.
Matsui, J.I., Haque, A., Huss, D., Messana, E.P., Alosi, J.A., Roberson, D.W., Cotanche, D.A., Dickman, J.D., and Warchol, M.E. (2003). Caspase inhibitors promote vestibular hair cell survival and function after aminoglycoside treatment in vivo. The Journal of neuroscience 23, 6111-6122.
Mills, J.H., Schmiedt, R.A., and Kulish, L.F. (1990). Age-related changes in auditory potentials of Mongolian gerbil. Hearing research 46, 201-210.
Mills, J.H., Schmiedt, R.A., Schulte, B.A., and Dubno, J.R. (2006). Age-related hearing loss: A loss of voltage, not hair cells. Paper presented at: Seminars in Hearing (Copyright© 2006 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.).
Morton, N. (1991). Genetic epidemiology of hearing impairment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 630, 16-31.
Nelson, E.G., and Hinojosa, R. (2006). Presbycusis: a human temporal bone study of individuals with downward sloping audiometric patterns of hearing loss and review of the literature. The Laryngoscope 116, 1-12.
Niu, X., Trifunovic, A., Larsson, N.-G., and Canlon, B. (2007). Somatic mtDNA mutations cause progressive hearing loss in the mouse. Experimental cell research 313, 3924-3934.
Oshima, K., Shin, K., Diensthuber, M., Peng, A.W., Ricci, A.J., and Heller, S. (2010). Mechanosensitive hair cell-like cells from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 141, 704-716.
Popelar, J., Groh, D., Pelánová, J., Canlon, B., and Syka, J. (2006). Age-related changes in cochlear and brainstem auditory functions in Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiology of aging 27, 490-500.
Prazma, J., Carrasco, V.N., Butler, B., Waters, G., Anderson, T., and Pillsbury, H.C. (1990). Cochlear microcirculation in young and old gerbils. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 116, 932-936.
Rivolta, M.N., Li, H., and Heller, S. (2006). Generation of inner ear cell types from embryonic stem cells. Methods in Molecular Biology 330, 71-92.
Rodriguez-Paris, J., Ballay, C., Inserra, M., Stidham, K., Colen, T., Roberson, J., Gardner, P., and Schrijver, I. (2008). Genetic analysis of presbycusis by arrayed primer extension. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 38, 352-360.
Rothman, K.J. (2012). Epidemiology: an introduction (Oxford University Press).
Ryan, A.F. (2000). Protection of auditory receptors and neurons: evidence for interactive damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, 6939-6940.
Salami, A., Mora, R., Dellepiane, M., Manini, G., Santomauro, V., Barettini, L., and Guastini, L. (2010). Water-soluble coenzyme Q10 formulation (Q-TER®) in the treatment of presbycusis. Acta oto-laryngologica 130, 1154-1162.
Schewe, T. (1995). Molecular actions of ebselen—an antiinflammatory antioxidant. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 26, 1153-1169.
Schrijver, I. (2004). Hereditary non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss: transforming silence to sound. The Journal of molecular diagnostics 6, 275-284.
Schuknecht, H.F., and Gacek, M.R. (1993). Cochlear pathology in presbycusis. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 102, 1-16.
Secretariat, S. (1993). Ageing and Independence: Overview of a National Survey. Minister of National Health and Welfare, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa Cat.
Seidman, M.D., Khan, M.J., Dolan, D.F., and Quirk, W.S. (1996). Age-related differences in cochlear microcirculation and auditory brain stem response. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 122, 1221-1226.
Sha, S.-H., Kanicki, A., Dootz, G., Talaska, A.E., Halsey, K., Dolan, D., Altschuler, R., and Schacht, J. (2008). Age-related auditory pathology in the CBA/J mouse. Hearing research 243, 87-94.
Smith, R.J., Bale, J.F., and White, K.R. (2005). Sensorineural hearing loss in children. The Lancet 365, 879-890.
Smith, R.J., Shearer, A.E., Hildebrand, M.S., and Van Camp, G. (2014). Deafness and hereditary hearing loss overview.
Tadros, S.F., D’Souza, M., Zhu, X., and Frisina, R.D. (2008). Apoptosis-related genes change their expression with age and hearing loss in the mouse cochlea. Apoptosis 13, 1303-1321.
Tucci, D.L., Merson, M.H., and Wilson, B.S. (2010). A summary of the literature on global hearing impairment: current status and priorities for action. Otology & Neurotology 31, 31-41.
Ünal, M., Tamer, L., Doğruer, Z.N., Yildirim, H., Vayisoğlu, Y., and Çamdeviren, H. (2005). N‐acetyltransferase 2 gene polymorphism and presbycusis. The Laryngoscope 115, 2238-2241.
Van Eyken, E., Van Camp, G., and Van Laer, L. (2007). The complexity of age-related hearing impairment: contributing environmental and genetic factors. Audiology and Neurotology 12, 345-358.
Wallhagen, M.I., Strawbridge, W.J., Cohen, R.D., and Kaplan, G.A. (1997). An increasing prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors over three decades of the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health 87, 440-442.
Woodcock, K., and Pole, J.D. (2008). Educational attainment, labour force status and injury: a comparison of Canadians with and without deafness and hearing loss. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 31, 297-304.
Yamasoba, T., Lin, F.R., Someya, S., Kashio, A., Sakamoto, T., and Kondo, K. (2013). Current concepts in age-related hearing loss: epidemiology and mechanistic pathways. Hearing research 303, 30-38.
Yueh, B., Shapiro, N., MacLean, C.H., and Shekelle, P.G. (2003). Screening and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: scientific review. Jama 289, 1976-1985.
Zhang, M., Gomaa, N., and Ho, A. (2013). Presbycusis: a critical issue in our community.
Zhang, M., and Surles, J.G. (2008). Voltage-dependent outer hair cell stereocilia stiffness at acoustic frequencies. Neuroreport 19, 855-859.
Zwaardemaker, H. (1891). Der Verlust an hohen Tönen mit zunehmendem Alter. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 32, 53-56.
Boboshko, M., Efimova, M., and Savenko, I. (2010). [Modern aspects of diagnosis of presbycusis and its treatment in elderly patients]. Vestnik otorinolaringologii, 23-25.
Bogardus Jr, S.T., Yueh, B., and Shekelle, P.G. (2003). Screening and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: clinical applications. Jama 289, 1986-1990.
Brencla, G. (1997). Resident and staff education within an ecological audiologic rehabilitation program in a home for the aged. Journal of speech - language pathology and audiology 21, 167-173.
Carson, A.J., and Pichora-Fuller, M.K. (1997). Health promotion and audiology: The community-clinic link. Journal - Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology 30, 29-52.
Caspary, D.M., Ling, L., Turner, J.G., and Hughes, L.F. (2008). Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the mammalian central auditory system. Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1781-1791.
Chen, P., Zindy, F., Abdala, C., Liu, F., Li, X., Roussel, M.F., and Segil, N. (2003a). Progressive hearing loss in mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Ink4d. Nature cell biology 5, 422-426.
Chen, X., Li, H., Cao, K., Wei, C., and Jin, X. (2003b). [The transduction of neurotrophin-3/GDNF attenuates the SGNC damage in deaf mice]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 83, 1517-1520.
Corna, L.M., Wade, T.J., Streiner, D.L., and Cairney, J. (2009). Corrected and uncorrected hearing impairment in older Canadians. Gerontology 55, 468-476.
Desai, M., Pratt, L.A., Lentzner, H., and Robinson, K.N. (2001). Trends in vision and hearing among older Americans. Aging trends (Hyattsville, Md), 1.
Dror, A.A., and Avraham, K.B. (2009). Hearing loss: mechanisms revealed by genetics and cell biology. Annual review of genetics 43, 411-437.
Dudbridge, F. (2008). Likelihood-based association analysis for nuclear families and unrelated subjects with missing genotype data. Human heredity 66, 87-98.
Elahi, M.M., Elahi, F., Elahi, A., and Elahi, S.B. (1998). Paediatric hearing loss in rural Pakistan. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery 27, 348.
Fetoni, A.R., Picciotti, P.M., Paludetti, G., and Troiani, D. (2011). Pathogenesis of presbycusis in animal models: a review. Experimental gerontology 46, 413-425.
Frisina, R.D., and Walton, J.P. (2006). Age-related structural and functional changes in the cochlear nucleus. Hearing research 216, 216-223.
Gates, G.A., and Mills, J.H. (2005). Presbycusis. The Lancet 366, 1111-1120.
Ge, S.-l., Xie, D.-h., Chen, Z.-c., Xiao, Z.-q., and Yang, X.-m. (2005). Feasibility study of marrow stromal cells transplantation into guinea pig cochlea. Journal of Central South University of Technology 12, 313-316.
Gratton, M., Smyth, B., Lam, C., Boettcher, F., and Schmiedt, R. (1997). Decline in the endocochlear potential corresponds to decreased Na, K-ATPase activity in the lateral wall of quiet-aged gerbils. Hearing research 108, 9-16.
Hilgert, N., Smith, R.J., and Van Camp, G. (2009). Forty-six genes causing nonsyndromic hearing impairment: which ones should be analyzed in DNA diagnostics? Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 681, 189-196.
Huang, Q., and Tang, J. (2010). Age-related hearing loss or presbycusis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 267, 1179-1191.
Hudspeth, A.J. (1989). How the ear's works work. Nature 341, 397-404.
Idrizbegovic, E., Viberg, A., Bogdanovic, N., and Canlon, B. (2001). Peripheral cell loss related to calcium binding protein immunocytochemistry in the dorsal cochlear nucleus in CBA/CaJ mice during aging. Audiology and Neurotology 6, 132-139.
Ito, J., Kojima, K., and Kawaguchi, S. (2001). Survival of neural stem cells in the cochlea. Acta oto-laryngologica 121, 140-142.
Izumikawa, M., Minoda, R., Kawamoto, K., Abrashkin, K.A., Swiderski, D.L., Dolan, D.F., Brough, D.E., and Raphael, Y. (2005). Auditory hair cell replacement and hearing improvement by Atoh1 gene therapy in deaf mammals. Nature medicine 11, 271-276.
Johnson, K.R., Gagnon, L.H., Webb, L.S., Peters, L.L., Hawes, N.L., Chang, B., and Zheng, Q.Y. (2003). Mouse models of USH1C and DFNB18: phenotypic and molecular analyses of two new spontaneous mutations of the Ush1c gene. Human molecular genetics 12, 3075-3086.
Johnson, K.R., Longo-Guess, C., Gagnon, L.H., Yu, H., and Zheng, Q.Y. (2008). A locus on distal chromosome 11 (ahl8) and its interaction with Cdh23 ahl underlie the early onset, age-related hearing loss of DBA/2J mice. Genomics 92, 219-225.
Johnson, K.R., Zheng, Q.Y., and Erway, L.C. (2000). A major gene affecting age-related hearing loss is common to at least ten inbred strains of mice. Genomics 70, 171-180.
Johnson, K.R., Zheng, Q.Y., and Noben-Trauth, K. (2006). Strain background effects and genetic modifiers of hearing in mice. Brain research 1091, 79-88.
Kelley, M.W. (2006). Regulation of cell fate in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, 837-849.
Kil, J., Pierce, C., Tran, H., Gu, R., and Lynch, E.D. (2007). Ebselen treatment reduces noise induced hearing loss via the mimicry and induction of glutathione peroxidase. Hearing research 226, 44-51.
Kojima, K., Tamura, S., Nishida, A.T., and Ito, J. (2004). Generation of inner ear hair cell immunophenotypes from neurospheres obtained from fetal rat central nervous system in vitro. Acta oto-laryngologica Supplementum, 26-30.
Lee, K.-Y. (2013). Pathophysiology of age-related hearing loss (peripheral and central). Korean journal of audiology 17, 45-49.
Li, H., Liu, H., and Heller, S. (2003a). Pluripotent stem cells from the adult mouse inner ear. Nature medicine 9, 1293-1299.
Li, H., Roblin, G., Liu, H., and Heller, S. (2003b). Generation of hair cells by stepwise differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, 13495-13500.
Löwenheim, H., Furness, D.N., Kil, J., Zinn, C., Gültig, K., Fero, M.L., Frost, D., Gummer, A.W., Roberts, J.M., and Rubel, E.W. (1999). Gene disruption of p27Kip1 allows cell proliferation in the postnatal and adult organ of Corti. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, 4084-4088.
Mantela, J., Jiang, Z., Ylikoski, J., Fritzsch, B., Zacksenhaus, E., and Pirvola, U. (2005). The retinoblastoma gene pathway regulates the postmitotic state of hair cells of the mouse inner ear. Development 132, 2377-2388.
Martin, H. (2003). The auditory system. Neuroanatomy, 191-206.
Matsui, J.I., Haque, A., Huss, D., Messana, E.P., Alosi, J.A., Roberson, D.W., Cotanche, D.A., Dickman, J.D., and Warchol, M.E. (2003). Caspase inhibitors promote vestibular hair cell survival and function after aminoglycoside treatment in vivo. The Journal of neuroscience 23, 6111-6122.
Mills, J.H., Schmiedt, R.A., and Kulish, L.F. (1990). Age-related changes in auditory potentials of Mongolian gerbil. Hearing research 46, 201-210.
Mills, J.H., Schmiedt, R.A., Schulte, B.A., and Dubno, J.R. (2006). Age-related hearing loss: A loss of voltage, not hair cells. Paper presented at: Seminars in Hearing (Copyright© 2006 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.).
Morton, N. (1991). Genetic epidemiology of hearing impairment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 630, 16-31.
Nelson, E.G., and Hinojosa, R. (2006). Presbycusis: a human temporal bone study of individuals with downward sloping audiometric patterns of hearing loss and review of the literature. The Laryngoscope 116, 1-12.
Niu, X., Trifunovic, A., Larsson, N.-G., and Canlon, B. (2007). Somatic mtDNA mutations cause progressive hearing loss in the mouse. Experimental cell research 313, 3924-3934.
Oshima, K., Shin, K., Diensthuber, M., Peng, A.W., Ricci, A.J., and Heller, S. (2010). Mechanosensitive hair cell-like cells from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 141, 704-716.
Popelar, J., Groh, D., Pelánová, J., Canlon, B., and Syka, J. (2006). Age-related changes in cochlear and brainstem auditory functions in Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiology of aging 27, 490-500.
Prazma, J., Carrasco, V.N., Butler, B., Waters, G., Anderson, T., and Pillsbury, H.C. (1990). Cochlear microcirculation in young and old gerbils. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 116, 932-936.
Rivolta, M.N., Li, H., and Heller, S. (2006). Generation of inner ear cell types from embryonic stem cells. Methods in Molecular Biology 330, 71-92.
Rodriguez-Paris, J., Ballay, C., Inserra, M., Stidham, K., Colen, T., Roberson, J., Gardner, P., and Schrijver, I. (2008). Genetic analysis of presbycusis by arrayed primer extension. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 38, 352-360.
Rothman, K.J. (2012). Epidemiology: an introduction (Oxford University Press).
Ryan, A.F. (2000). Protection of auditory receptors and neurons: evidence for interactive damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, 6939-6940.
Salami, A., Mora, R., Dellepiane, M., Manini, G., Santomauro, V., Barettini, L., and Guastini, L. (2010). Water-soluble coenzyme Q10 formulation (Q-TER®) in the treatment of presbycusis. Acta oto-laryngologica 130, 1154-1162.
Schewe, T. (1995). Molecular actions of ebselen—an antiinflammatory antioxidant. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 26, 1153-1169.
Schrijver, I. (2004). Hereditary non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss: transforming silence to sound. The Journal of molecular diagnostics 6, 275-284.
Schuknecht, H.F., and Gacek, M.R. (1993). Cochlear pathology in presbycusis. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 102, 1-16.
Secretariat, S. (1993). Ageing and Independence: Overview of a National Survey. Minister of National Health and Welfare, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa Cat.
Seidman, M.D., Khan, M.J., Dolan, D.F., and Quirk, W.S. (1996). Age-related differences in cochlear microcirculation and auditory brain stem response. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 122, 1221-1226.
Sha, S.-H., Kanicki, A., Dootz, G., Talaska, A.E., Halsey, K., Dolan, D., Altschuler, R., and Schacht, J. (2008). Age-related auditory pathology in the CBA/J mouse. Hearing research 243, 87-94.
Smith, R.J., Bale, J.F., and White, K.R. (2005). Sensorineural hearing loss in children. The Lancet 365, 879-890.
Smith, R.J., Shearer, A.E., Hildebrand, M.S., and Van Camp, G. (2014). Deafness and hereditary hearing loss overview.
Tadros, S.F., D’Souza, M., Zhu, X., and Frisina, R.D. (2008). Apoptosis-related genes change their expression with age and hearing loss in the mouse cochlea. Apoptosis 13, 1303-1321.
Tucci, D.L., Merson, M.H., and Wilson, B.S. (2010). A summary of the literature on global hearing impairment: current status and priorities for action. Otology & Neurotology 31, 31-41.
Ünal, M., Tamer, L., Doğruer, Z.N., Yildirim, H., Vayisoğlu, Y., and Çamdeviren, H. (2005). N‐acetyltransferase 2 gene polymorphism and presbycusis. The Laryngoscope 115, 2238-2241.
Van Eyken, E., Van Camp, G., and Van Laer, L. (2007). The complexity of age-related hearing impairment: contributing environmental and genetic factors. Audiology and Neurotology 12, 345-358.
Wallhagen, M.I., Strawbridge, W.J., Cohen, R.D., and Kaplan, G.A. (1997). An increasing prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors over three decades of the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health 87, 440-442.
Woodcock, K., and Pole, J.D. (2008). Educational attainment, labour force status and injury: a comparison of Canadians with and without deafness and hearing loss. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 31, 297-304.
Yamasoba, T., Lin, F.R., Someya, S., Kashio, A., Sakamoto, T., and Kondo, K. (2013). Current concepts in age-related hearing loss: epidemiology and mechanistic pathways. Hearing research 303, 30-38.
Yueh, B., Shapiro, N., MacLean, C.H., and Shekelle, P.G. (2003). Screening and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: scientific review. Jama 289, 1976-1985.
Zhang, M., Gomaa, N., and Ho, A. (2013). Presbycusis: a critical issue in our community.
Zhang, M., and Surles, J.G. (2008). Voltage-dependent outer hair cell stereocilia stiffness at acoustic frequencies. Neuroreport 19, 855-859.
Zwaardemaker, H. (1891). Der Verlust an hohen Tönen mit zunehmendem Alter. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 32, 53-56.
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2017-04-20
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Copyright The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access by BioMedPress. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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Hearing impairments, presbycusis and the possible therapeutic interventions. (2017). Biomedical Research and Therapy, 4(4), 1228-1245. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i4.159
