Cigarette: The Silent Killer in the World
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i9.369Abstract
One of the main challenges of the 21st century is tobacco consumption, and in particular cigarette smoking (Control and Prevention, 2012). Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of death worldwide (Control and Prevention, 2011).
About 1 billion people around the world (800 million men and 200 million women) are addicted to cigarette (WHO, 2015). The prevalence of smoking varies across different parts of the world; this variation is due to economic development and income levels. More than 80% of adult male smokers and half of adult female smokers live in low or middle-income countries (Ng et al., 2014).
Tobacco use kills more than 7 million people every year worldwide, and nearly 80% of these deaths occur in low-income countries (WHO, 2017). It is estimated that this figure will increase in 2030 (WHO, 2011). Tobacco use caused 100 million deaths in the 20th worldwide, if this trend continues, this figure will reach 1 billion by the end of the 21st century (Thun et al., 2013).
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</ol>
<li class="show">Agudo, A., Bonet, C., Travier, N., González, C.A., Vineis, P., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Trichopoulos, D., Boffetta, P., Clavel-Chapelon, F., and Boutron-Ruault, M.-C. (2012). Impact of cigarette smoking on cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, 4550-4557. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0183">https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0183</a></li>
<li class="show">Allender, S., Balakrishnan, R., Scarborough, P., Webster, P., and Rayner, M. (2009). The burden of smoking-related ill health in the UK. Tobacco control 18, 262-267. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.026294">https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.026294</a></li>
<li class="show">Control, C.f.D., and Prevention (2011). Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged≥ 18 years--United States, 2005-2010. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 60, 1207.</li>
<li class="show">Control, C.f.D., and Prevention (2012). Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 61, 889.</li>
<li class="show">Ebadi, M., Vahdanineya, M., Azin, A., Aeeinparast, A., Omidvari, S., and Jahangiri, K. (2011). Prevalence of smoking: Health study of people's view of Iran. Payesh 10, 365-372.<br>Forey, B.A., Thornton, A.J., and Lee, P.N. (2011). Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMC pulmonary medicine 11, 36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-11-36">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-11-36</a></li>
<li class="show">General, S. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. Paper presented at: US Department of Health and Human Services (Citeseer).</li>
<li class="show">Jha, P., and Peto, R. (2014). Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. New England Journal of Medicine 370, 60-68.<a href=" https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1308383"> https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1308383</a></li>
<li class="show">Jha, P., Ramasundarahettige, C., Landsman, V., Rostron, B., Thun, M., Anderson, R.N., McAfee, T., and Peto, R. (2013). 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 368, 341-350. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128</a></li>
<li class="show">Joubert, B.R., Håberg, S.E., Nilsen, R.M., Wang, X., Vollset, S.E., Murphy, S.K., Huang, Z., Hoyo, C., Midttun, Ø., and Cupul-Uicab, L.A. (2012). 450K epigenome-wide scan identifies differential DNA methylation in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Environmental health perspectives 120, 1425. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205412">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205412</a></li>
<li class="show">King, B.A., Dube, S.R., and Tynan, M.A. (2012). Current tobacco use among adults in the United States: findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey. American journal of public health 102, e93-e100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301002">https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301002</a></li>
<li class="show">McCartney, G., Mahmood, L., Leyland, A.H., Batty, G.D., and Hunt, K. (2011). Contribution of smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths to the gender gap in mortality: evidence from 30 European countries. Tobacco control 20, 166-168. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.037929">https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.037929</a></li>
<li class="show">McCormack, V.A., Agudo, A., Dahm, C.C., Overvad, K., Olsen, A., Tjonneland, A., Kaaks, R., Boeing, H., Manjer, J., and Almquist, M. (2010). Cigar and pipe smoking and cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). International Journal of Cancer 127, 2402-2411<a href=".https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25252">.https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25252</a></li>
<li class="show">Meysamie, A., Ghaletaki, R., Zhand, N., and Abbasi, M. (2012). Cigarette smoking in Iran. Iranian journal of public health 41, 1.</li>
<li class="show">Moosazadeh, M., Salami, F., Movahednia, M., Amiri, M.M., and Afshari, M. (2014). Prevalence of smoking in northwest Iran: a meta-analysis. Electronic physician 6, 734.</li>
<li class="show">Moosazadeh, M., Ziaaddini, H., Mirzazadeh, A., Ashrafi-Asgarabad, A., and Haghdoost, A.A. (2013). Meta-analysis of smoking prevalence in Iran. Addiction & health 5, 140.</li>
<li class="show">Mostafa, T. (2010). Cigarette smoking and male infertility. Journal of Advanced Research 1, 179-186. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.002</a></li>
<li class="show">Ng, M., Freeman, M.K., Fleming, T.D., Robinson, M., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Thomson, B., Wollum, A., Sanman, E., Wulf, S., and Lopez, A.D. (2014). Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. Jama 311, 183-192. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284692">https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284692</a></li>
<li class="show">Oh, D.L., Heck, J.E., Dresler, C., Allwright, S., Haglund, M., Del Mazo, S.S., Kralikova, E., Stucker, I., Tamang, E., and Gritz, E.R. (2010). Determinants of smoking initiation among women in five European countries: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 10, 74. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-74">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-74</a></li>
<li class="show">Shiels, M.S., Gibson, T., Sampson, J., Albanes, D., Andreotti, G., Beane Freeman, L., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Caporaso, N., Curtis, R.E., and Elena, J. (2014). Cigarette smoking prior to first cancer and risk of second smoking-associated cancers among survivors of bladder, kidney, head and neck, and stage I lung cancers. Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, 3989-3995. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.56.8220">https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.56.8220</a></li>
<li class="show">Thun, M.J., Carter, B.D., Feskanich, D., Freedman, N.D., Prentice, R., Lopez, A.D., Hartge, P., and Gapstur, S.M. (2013). 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 368, 351-364. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211127">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211127</a></li>
<li class="show">WHO, W.H.O. (2011). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic (Geneva).</li>
<li class="show">WHO, W.H.O. (2015). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015 (World Health Organization).</li>
<li class="show">WHO, W.H.O. (2017). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015.</li>
</ol>
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2017-09-20
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Copyright The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access by BioMedPress. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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Cigarette: The Silent Killer in the World. (2017). Biomedical Research and Therapy, 4(9), 1624-1628. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i9.369
