Human Insulin: History, Recent Advances, and Expression Systems for Mass Production

Authors

  • Jessica Alyas Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Ayesha Rafiq Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Horia Amir Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Safir Ullah Khan Department of Zoology, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • Tahira Sultana Department of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • Amir Ali Department of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • Asma Hameed Department of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • Ilyas Ahmad Department of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • Abeer Kazmi Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Genetics, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Wuhan, PR China
  • Tehmina Sajid Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Ayaz Ahmad epartment of Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v8i9.692

Keywords:

Diabetes, E. coli, Insulin, Recombinant DNA technology, S. cerevisiae, Transgenic plants, Regenerative medicines

Abstract

The significant rise in the number of diabetic patients worldwide, as well as the development of new insulin delivery techniques such as inhalation or oral administration which require higher dosages, are expected to increase the demand for recombinant insulin. Current manufacturing technologies will be unable to fulfill the rising demand for inexpensive insulin due to their production capacity limitations and high production costs. Production of therapeutic recombinant insulin requires a suitable host organism with adequate post-translational modification and refolding machinery. E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been used extensively to make recombinant human insulin for medicinal applications. However, transgenic plants are particularly appealing expression systems as they can be used to synthesize huge amounts of insulin for human medicinal purposes. Plant-based expression systems have the potential for high-capacity insulin synthesis at a minimal cost. The significant production of biologically active proinsulin in seeds or leaves with long-term stability provides a low-cost technique to develop proinsulin for both injectable and oral administration. Recently, stem cell therapy is being utilized for the treatment of diabetes, as these cells are capable of differentiating into insulin producing cells. With the advancement of regenerative medicine research for different chronic diseases, treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus has been reported. The current review concentrates on several biotechnological attributes applied to the rapid and mass synthesis of biologically active insulin and its analogs in microbes, various types of stem cells and transgenic crops.

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Published

2021-09-30

Issue

Section

Review

How to Cite

Human Insulin: History, Recent Advances, and Expression Systems for Mass Production. (2021). Biomedical Research and Therapy, 8(9), 4540-4561. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v8i9.692

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