The incidence and mortality of lip and oral cavity cancer and its relationship to the 2012 Human Development Index of Asia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i02.151Keywords:
Asia, Mortality, Incidence, Human development index, Lip and oral cavity cancer, Cancer, BiologyAbstract
Introduction: Lip and oral cavity cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Asia and considered to be a major public health problem due to the low survival rate. Because of the importance of access to information about this cancer (including incidence, mortality rate and relation to socioeconomic indicators), this study aims at investigating the incidence and mortality of lip and oral cavity cancer and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) of Asia (from 2012).
Method: This study was an ecological study in Asia for assessment of the correlation between age-specific incidence rate (ASIR) and age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) with the HDI and its components which include: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling and gross national income (GNI) per capita. Data on the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for every Asian country for the year 2012 were obtained from the global cancer project and data on the HDI and its components were extracted from the World bank site.
We used a bivariate method for assessment of the correlation between the SIR and SMR with the HDI and its individual components. Statistical significance was assumed if P<0.05. All reported P-values were two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc.).
Results: A total incidence of 162,506 cases and 95,005 deaths were recorded in Asian countries in 2012. Countries with the highest SIR (per 100,000) were the following: Maldives (11), Sri Lanka (10.3), Pakistan (9.8), Bangladesh (9.4), and India (7.2). The highest SMR was observed in the following countries: Pakistan (5.9), Bangladesh (5.6), Afghanistan (5.1), India (4.9), and Maldives (4.1). The correlation between SIR of lip and oral cavity cancer and HDI was -0.378 (p=0.010), with life expectancy at birth at -0.324 (p=0.028), mean years of schooling at -0.283 (p=0.057), and level of income per each person of the population at -0.279 (p=0.060). Moreover, the correlation was -0.664 (p≤0.001) between SMR and HDI.
Conclusion: A significant reverse correlation was seen between the incidence and mortality rate of lip and oral cavity cancer and the HDI in Asia. The incidence and mortality of this type of cancer was high in developing or less developed countries.
References
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Ariyawardana, A., and Warnakulasuriya, S. (2011). Declining oral cancer rates in Sri Lanka: are we winning the war after being at the top of the cancer league table? Oral diseases 17, 636-641.
Arnold, M., Renteria, E., Conway, D.I., Bray, F., Van Ourti, T., and Soerjomataram, I. (2016). Inequalities in cancer incidence and mortality across medium to highly developed countries in the twenty-first century. Cancer causes & control : CCC 27, 999-1007.
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Choi, S.W., Moon, E.K., Park, J.Y., Jung, K.W., Oh, C.M., Kong, H.J., and Won, Y.J. (2014). Trends in the incidence of and survival rates for oral cavity cancer in the Korean population. Oral diseases 20, 773-779.
Conway, D.I., Petticrew, M., Marlborough, H., Berthiller, J., Hashibe, M., and Macpherson, L.M. (2008). Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. International journal of cancer 122, 2811-2819.
Costa, N.L., Goncalves, A.S., Martins, A.F., Arantes, D.A., Silva, T.A., and Batista, A.C. (2016). Characterization of dendritic cells in lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 45, 418-424.
de Camargo Cancela, M., Voti, L., Guerra-Yi, M., Chapuis, F., Mazuir, M., and Curado, M.P. (2010). Oral cavity cancer in developed and in developing countries: population-based incidence. Head & neck 32, 357-367.
Farah, C.S., Simanovic, B., and Dost, F. (2014). Oral cancer in Australia 1982-2008: a growing need for opportunistic screening and prevention. Australian dental journal 59, 349-359.
Ferlay J S, E.M., Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. (2012). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. Accessed June 7, 2015.
Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Ervik, M., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D., Forman, D., and Bray, F. (2014). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1. 0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. 2013, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. globocan iarc fr/Default aspx.
Fidler, M.M., Soerjomataram, I., and Bray, F. (2016). A global view on cancer incidence and national levels of the human development index. International journal of cancer 139, 2436-2446.
Funk, G.F., Karnell, L.H., Robinson, R.A., Zhen, W.K., Trask, D.K., and Hoffman, H.T. (2002). Presentation, treatment, and outcome of oral cavity cancer: a National Cancer Data Base report. Head & neck 24, 165-180.
Giebel, S., Labopin, M., Ehninger, G., Beelen, D., Blaise, D., Ganser, A., Bacigalupo, A., Czerw, T., Holowiecki, J., Fagundes, E.M., et al. (2010). Association of Human Development Index with rates and outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute leukemia. Blood 116, 122-128.
Global Burden of Disease Cancer, C. (2015). The Global Burden of Cancer 2013. JAMA oncology 1, 505-527.
Guha, N., Boffetta, P., Wunsch Filho, V., Eluf Neto, J., Shangina, O., Zaridze, D., Curado, M.P., Koifman, S., Matos, E., Menezes, A., et al. (2007). Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two multicentric case-control studies. American journal of epidemiology 166, 1159-1173.
Gupta, B., Johnson, N.W., and Kumar, N. (2016). Global Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancers: A Continuing Challenge. Oncology 91, 13-23.
Hashibe, M., Jacob, B.J., Thomas, G., Ramadas, K., Mathew, B., Sankaranarayanan, R., and Zhang, Z.F. (2003). Socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors and oral premalignant lesions. Oral oncology 39, 664-671.
Hou, J., Walsh, P.P., and Zhang, J. (2015). The dynamics of Human Development Index. The Social Science Journal 52, 331-347.
Hu, Q.D., Zhang, Q., Chen, W., Bai, X.L., and Liang, T.B. (2013). Human development index is associated with mortality-to-incidence ratios of gastrointestinal cancers. World journal of gastroenterology 19, 5261-5270.
Jayalekshmi, P.A., Gangadharan, P., Akiba, S., Nair, R.R.K., Tsuji, M., and Rajan, B. (2009). Tobacco chewing and female oral cavity cancer risk in Karunagappally cohort, India. British Journal of Cancer 100, 848-852.
Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M.M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., and Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 61, 69-90.
Johnson, S., McDonald, J.T., Corsten, M., and Rourke, R. (2010). Socio-economic status and head and neck cancer incidence in Canada: a case-control study. Oral oncology 46, 200-203.
Khan, Z., Khan, S., Christianson, L., Rehman, S., Ekwunife, O., and Samkange-Zeeb, F. (2016). Smokeless tobacco and oral potentially malignant disorders in South Asia: a protocol for a systematic review. Systematic reviews 5, 142.
Kilander, L., Berglund, L., Boberg, M., Vessby, B., and Lithell, H. (2001). Education, lifestyle factors and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. A 25-year follow-up of Swedish 50-year-old men. International journal of epidemiology 30, 1119-1126.
Lin, Y.S., Jen, Y.M., Wang, B.B., Lee, J.C., and Kang, B.H. (2005). Epidemiology of oral cavity cancer in taiwan with emphasis on the role of betel nut chewing. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties 67, 230-236.
Liu, S.Y., Lu, C.L., Chiou, C.T., Yen, C.Y., Liaw, G.A., Chen, Y.C., Liu, Y.C., and Chiang, W.F. (2010). Surgical outcomes and prognostic factors of oral cancer associated with betel quid chewing and tobacco smoking in Taiwan. Oral oncology 46, 276-282.
Malik, K. (2013). Human development report 2013: The rise of the South. Human Progress in a Diverse World United Nations Development Programme, New York Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2013 (accessed 290713). 2013.
McDonald, J.T., Johnson-Obaseki, S., Hwang, E., Connell, C., and Corsten, M. (2014). The relationship between survival and socio-economic status for head and neck cancer in Canada. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery 43, 1-6.
Monteiro, L.S., Antunes, L., Bento, M.J., and Warnakulasuriya, S. (2013). Incidence rates and trends of lip, oral and oro-pharyngeal cancers in Portugal. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 42, 345-351.
Morris, R.E., Mahmeed, B.E., Gjorgov, A.N., Jazzaf, H.G., and Rashid, B.A. (2000). The epidemiology of lip, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers in Kuwait 1979-1988. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 38, 316-319.
Neville, B.W., and Day, T.A. (2002). Oral cancer and precancerous lesions. CA Cancer J Clin 52, 195-215.
Pakzad, R., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Khosravi, B., Soltani, S., Pakzad, I., Mohammadian, M., Salehiniya, H., and Momenimovahed, Z. (2016). The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer and their relationship to development in Asia. Annals of translational medicine 4, 29.
Patel, A.R., Prasad, S.M., Shih, Y.C., and Eggener, S.E. (2012). The association of the human development index with global kidney cancer incidence and mortality. The Journal of urology 187, 1978-1983.
Pavia, M., Pileggi, C., Nobile, C.G., and Angelillo, I.F. (2006). Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition 83, 1126-1134.
Rafiemanesh, H., Mehtarpour, M., Khani, F., Hesami, S.M., Shamlou, R., Towhidi, F., Salehiniya, H., Makhsosi, B.R., and Moini, A. (2016). Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of lung cancer and their relationship with the development index in the world. Journal of thoracic disease 8, 1094-1102.
Rahi, M. (2011). Human development report 2010: Changes in parameters and perspectives. Indian journal of public health 55, 272-275.
Rastogi, T., Hildesheim, A., and Sinha, R. (2004). Opportunities for cancer epidemiology in developing countries. Nature reviews Cancer 4, 909-917.
Razak, A.A., Saddki, N., Naing, N.N., and Abdullah, N. (2010). Oral cancer survival among Malay patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 11, 187-191.
Razi, S., Ghoncheh, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Aziznejhad, H., Mohammadian, M., and Salehiniya, H. (2016). The incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer and their relationship with the Human Development Index in Asia. ecancermedicalscience 10.
Ribeiro, I.L.A., Medeiros, J.J.d., Rodrigues, L.V., Valença, A.M.G., and Lima Neto, E.d.A. (2015). Factors associated with lip and oral cavity cancer. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 18, 618-629.
Sargeran, K., Murtomaa, H., Safavi, S.M., Vehkalahti, M.M., and Teronen, O. (2008). Survival after diagnosis of cancer of the oral cavity. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 46, 187-191.
Sreeramareddy, C.T., Pradhan, P.M., Mir, I.A., and Sin, S. (2014). Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys. Population health metrics 12, 22.
Swaminathan, R., Selvakumaran, R., Vinodha, J., Ferlay, J., Sauvaget, C., Esmy, P.O., Shanta, V., and Sankaranarayanan, R. (2009). Education and cancer incidence in a rural population in south India. Cancer epidemiology 33, 89-93.
Torre, L.A., Bray, F., Siegel, R.L., Ferlay, J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., and Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 65, 87-108.
Videnovic, G., Illic, D., Miljus, D., Krasic, D., Vlahovic, Z., Zivkovic, S., and Pavlovic, A. (2016). Lip, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers in the population of the city of Belgrade in the period 1999-2010. Vojnosanitetski pregled 73, 53-58.
Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral oncology 45, 309-316.
Yako-Suketomo, H., and Matsuda, T. (2010). Comparison of time trends in lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer mortality (1990-2006) between countries based on the WHO mortality database. Japanese journal of clinical oncology 40, 1118-1119.
Yeole, B.B., Ramanakumar, A.V., and Sankaranarayanan, R. (2003). Survival from oral cancer in Mumbai (Bombay), India. Cancer causes & control : CCC 14, 945-952.
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The incidence and mortality of lip and oral cavity cancer and its relationship to the 2012 Human Development Index of Asia. (2017). Biomedical Research and Therapy, 4(02), 1147-1165. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i02.151
